Difference between revisions of "Brebeck"
 
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<span style="font-size:x-large;">'''Nitrox breathing did not significantly improve bubble scores after a dive, nor was improved cognition evident during the dive.'''</span>
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Nitrox breathing did not significantly improve bubble scores after a dive, nor was improved cognition evident during the dive.</span></span>'''</span>
  
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<span style="font-size:large;">'''Clinical bottom line:'''</span>
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Clinical bottom line:</span></span>'''</span>
  
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:">1. Weak evidence there were fewer bubbles after breathing nitrox<br/> 2. Non-random evidence of more bubbles in female divers&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3. No clear improvement in cognition with nitrox</span></span>'''</span>.&nbsp;
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:">1. Weak evidence there were fewer bubbles after breathing nitrox.</span></span>'''</span>
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:">2. Non-random evidence of more bubbles in female divers</span></span>'''</span>
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:">3. No clear improvement in cognition with nitrox</span></span>'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">.</span></span></span>
  
 
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Citation/s:&nbsp;</span></span></span>'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">1. Brebeck AK, Deussen A, Range U, Balestra C, Cleveland S, Schipke JD. Beneficial effect of enriched air nitrox on bubble formation during scuba diving. An open-water study. Journal of sports sciences. 2018 Mar 19;36(6):605-12. 2.<span style="font-size:medium;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:large;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Brebeck AK, Deussen A, Schmitz-Peiffer H, Range U, Balestra C, Cleveland S, Schipke JD. Effects of oxygen-enriched air on cognitive performance during SCUBA-diving–an open-water study. Research in sports medicine. 2017 Jul 3;25(3):345-56.</span></span><br/> <span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">'''Lead author's name and fax: '''Anne-Kathrin Brebeck. Contact Jochen Schipke j.schipke@gmx.org</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Citation/s:</span></span>'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">1. Brebeck AK, Deussen A, Range U, Balestra C, Cleveland S, Schipke JD. Beneficial effect of enriched air nitrox on bubble formation during scuba diving. An open-water study. Journal of sports sciences. 2018 Mar 19;36(6):605-12.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2. </span>Brebeck AK, Deussen A, Schmitz-Peiffer H, Range U, Balestra C, Cleveland S, Schipke JD. Effects of oxygen-enriched air on cognitive performance during SCUBA-diving–an open-water study. Research in sports medicine. 2017 Jul 3;25(3):345-56.<span style="color:black">'''&nbsp;'''</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">'''Lead author's name and fax: '''Anne-Kathrin Brebeck. Contact Jochen Schipke j.schipke@gmx.org</span></span></span></span>
  
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Three-part Clinical Question:</span></span></span>'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">For scuba diving, does breathing an oxygen reduced air mix compared to air result in fewer detectable velous bubbles after diving?<br/> '''Search Terms:''' Venous gas embolism; doppler; decompression</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Three-part Clinical Question:</span></span>'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">For scuba diving, does breathing an oxygen reduced air mix compared to air result in fewer detectable venous bubbles after diving and better cognition during the dive?<br/> '''Search Terms:''' Venous gas embolism; doppler; decompression</span></span></span></span>
  
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">The Study:&nbsp;</span></span></span>'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Double-blinded concealed randomised controlled trial with intention-to-treat.<br/> '''The Study Patients:''' Adult volunteer divers<br/> '''Control group''' (N = 54; 54 analysed): Air breathing during a standard dive to 24 msw for 62 minutes<br/> '''Experimental group''' (N = 54; 54 analysed): Enriched air breathing of 28% oxygen (nitrox28) for the same dive.</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">The Study:</span></span>'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Double-blinded concealed randomised controlled trial with intention-to-treat.<br/> '''The Study Patients:''' Adult volunteer divers<br/> '''Control group''' (N = 54; 54 analysed): Air breathing during a standard dive to 24 msw for 62 minutes<br/> '''Experimental group''' (N = 54; 54 analysed): Enriched air breathing of 28% oxygen (nitrox28) for the same dive.</span></span></span></span>
  
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">The Evidence:</span></span></span>'''</span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">The Evidence:</span></span>'''</span></span>
  
 
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| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Outcome</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Outcome</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:45.8pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="67" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Time to Outcome</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:45.8pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="66" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Time to Outcome</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:32.7pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Air group</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:32.7pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="46" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Air group</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="50" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Nitrox group</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="50" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Nitrox group</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Relative risk reduction</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Relative risk reduction</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Absolute risk reduction</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Absolute risk reduction</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">NNT</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">NNT</span>'''</span></p>  
 
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| rowspan="2" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Bubble free after dive</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| rowspan="2" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Bubble free after dive</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:45.8pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="67" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">60 mins</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:45.8pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="66" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">60 mins</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:32.7pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.11</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:32.7pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="46" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">0.11</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="50" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.07</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="50" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">0.07</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">36%</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">36%</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.04</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">0.04</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">25</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">25</span>'''</span></p>  
 
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| colspan="3" style="width:115.45pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="164" | <p align="right" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">95% CIs:</span></span></span></p>  
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| colspan="3" style="width:115.45pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="161" | <p align="right" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">95% CIs:</span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">-97% to 211%</span></span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">-97% to 211%</span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">-0.07 to 0.15</span></span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">-0.07 to 0.15</span></span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">NNT = 15 to INF NNH = 7 to INF</span></span></span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">NNT = 15 to INF NNH = 7 to INF</span></span></p>  
 
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| rowspan="2" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Number of errors in number connection test</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| rowspan="2" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Number of errors in number connection test</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:45.8pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt" width="67" | &nbsp;
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| style="width:45.8pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt" width="66" | &nbsp;
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| style="width:32.7pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.28</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:32.7pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="46" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">0.28</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="50" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.17</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="50" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">0.17</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">40%</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">40%</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.11</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">0.11</span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">9</span></span>'''</span></p>  
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| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">9</span>'''</span></p>  
 
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| colspan="3" style="width:115.45pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="164" | <p align="right" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">95% CIs:</span></span></span></p>  
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| colspan="3" style="width:115.45pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="161" | <p align="right" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:right; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">95% CIs:</span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">-16% to 96%</span></span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="94" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">-16% to 96%</span></span></p>  
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| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">-0.04 to 0.27</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:69.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="95" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">-0.04 to 0.27</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">NNT = 4 to INF NNH = 22 to INF</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:87.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="119" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">NNT = 4 to INF NNH = 22 to INF</span></span></p>  
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 60: Line 66:
 
{| class="Table" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt"
 
{| class="Table" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt"
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="2" style="width:153.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="207" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Measure</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| rowspan="2" style="width:153.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="207" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Measure</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| colspan="2" style="width:62.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="85" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Air Group</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| colspan="2" style="width:62.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="85" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Air Group</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| colspan="2" style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="98" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">HBOT Group</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| colspan="2" style="width:69.35pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="96" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">HBOT Group</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| rowspan="2" style="width:50.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="78" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Difference</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| rowspan="2" style="width:50.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="75" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Difference</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| rowspan="2" style="width:106.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="145" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">95% CI</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| rowspan="2" style="width:106.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="145" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">95% CI</span>'''</span></p>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Mean</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Mean</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="width:26.85pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="38" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">SD</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="width:26.85pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="38" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">SD</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="width:29.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="45" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Mean</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="width:29.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="44" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Mean</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="width:37.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="53" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">SD</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="width:37.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="53" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">SD</span>'''</span></p>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="width:153.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="207" |  
 
| style="width:153.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="207" |  
−
<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Pooled bubble numbers per minute</span></span>'''</span>
+
<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Pooled bubble numbers per minute</span>'''</span>
  
−
| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">30</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">30</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:26.85pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="38" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">32</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:26.85pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="38" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">32</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:29.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="45" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">16</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:29.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="44" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">16</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:37.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="53" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">16</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:37.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="53" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">16</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:50.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="78" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">14</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:50.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="75" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">14</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:106.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="145" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">-230.1 to 258.1</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:106.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="145" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">-230.1 to 258.1</span></span></p>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="width:153.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="207" |  
 
| style="width:153.3pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="207" |  
−
<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Number connection test (secs)</span></span>'''</span>
+
<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Number connection test (secs)</span>'''</span>
  
−
| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">87</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:33.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="47" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">87</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:26.85pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="38" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">30.3</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:26.85pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="38" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">30.3</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:29.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="45" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">85.5</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:29.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="44" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">85.5</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:37.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="53" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">26.7</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:37.95pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="53" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">26.7</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:50.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="78" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">1.50</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:50.4pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="75" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">1.50</span></span></p>  
−
| style="width:106.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="145" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">-309.6 to 312.6</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="width:106.15pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="145" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">-309.6 to 312.6</span></span></p>  
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 96: Line 102:
 
{| class="Table" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt"
 
{| class="Table" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt"
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Non-Event Outcomes</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Non-Event Outcomes</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Time to outcome</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Time to outcome</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Air group</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Air group</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Nitrox group</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Nitrox group</span>'''</span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">P-value</span></span>'''</span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">P-value</span>'''</span></p>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" |  
 
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" |  
−
'''<span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">Correct items remembered (short-term)</span></span></span>'''
+
<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:">Correct items remembered (short-term)</span>'''</span>
  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">30 seconds</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">30 seconds</span></span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">7.5 (4 to 12)</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">7.5 (4 to 12)</span></span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">8.0 (4 to 13)</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">8.0 (4 to 13)</span></span></p>  
−
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:" times="" new="" roman",serif"="">0.26</span></span></span></p>  
+
| style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt" | <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">0.26</span></span></p>  
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
<br/> '''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="color:black">Comments:</span></span>'''
+
<br/> <span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:">'''<span style="color:black">Comments:</span>'''</span></span></span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">1. All dives conducted as pairs and 38 were female.</span></span></span></span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">2. Trial powered for one-sided statistical testing for a 25% reduction in subclavian bubbles with nitrox. The figure for that comparison is not given.</span></span></span></span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">3. The authors exhaustively analyzed the data for differences between vein sites and time with few important differences noted.</span></span></span></span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">4. There were more bubbles detected in males than females.</span></span></span></span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">5. The authors report in the abstract, but not in results that "more bubbles were<br/> counted in the air-group than in the air28-group (pooled vein: early: 1845 vs. 948; P = 0.047. One may get the feeling the authors are stretching for meaning here.</span></span></span></span>
  
−
<span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&nbsp; 1. All dives conducted as pairs and 38 were female.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">2. Trial powered for one-sided statistical testing for a 25% reduction in subclavian bubbles with nitrox. The&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; figure for that comparison is not given.<br/> &nbsp; 2. The authors exhaustively analyzed the data for differences between vein sites and time with few important&nbsp;differences noted.<br/> &nbsp; 3. There were more bubbles detected in males than females<br/> &nbsp; 4. The authors report in the abstract, but not in results that "more bubbles were<br/> counted in the air-group than in the air28-group (pooled vein: early: 1845 vs. 948; P = 0.047. One may get the feeling the authors are stretching for meaning here.</span></span></span></span><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5. Cognitive testing done at depth. Air group made more mistakes connecting the numbers&nbsp;</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">5. Cognitive testing done at depth. Air group made more mistakes connecting the numbers</span></span></span></span>
  
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Appraised by</span></span></span>'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">: Michael Bennett m.bennett@unsw. edu.au&nbsp;; Monday, 13 April 2020 + 28 August 2020</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Appraised by</span></span>'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">: Michael Bennett m.bennett@unsw.edu.au&nbsp;; Monday, 13 April 2020 + 28 August 2020</span></span></span></span>
  
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<span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Kill or Update By:</span></span></span>'''<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">April 2022</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:medium;"><span style="line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Kill or Update By:</span></span>'''<span style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">April 2022</span></span></span></span>
 
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<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;">[[File:Sumhorsa.gif|center|Sumhorsa.gif]]</p>  
 
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= [[Diving_Medicine|BACK]] =

Latest revision as of 03:03, 21 December 2020

Nitrox breathing did not significantly improve bubble scores after a dive, nor was improved cognition evident during the dive.

Clinical bottom line:

1. Weak evidence there were fewer bubbles after breathing nitrox.

2. Non-random evidence of more bubbles in female divers

3. No clear improvement in cognition with nitrox.

Citation/s:1. Brebeck AK, Deussen A, Range U, Balestra C, Cleveland S, Schipke JD. Beneficial effect of enriched air nitrox on bubble formation during scuba diving. An open-water study. Journal of sports sciences. 2018 Mar 19;36(6):605-12.                                2. Brebeck AK, Deussen A, Schmitz-Peiffer H, Range U, Balestra C, Cleveland S, Schipke JD. Effects of oxygen-enriched air on cognitive performance during SCUBA-diving–an open-water study. Research in sports medicine. 2017 Jul 3;25(3):345-56. 

Lead author's name and fax: Anne-Kathrin Brebeck. Contact Jochen Schipke j.schipke@gmx.org

Three-part Clinical Question:For scuba diving, does breathing an oxygen reduced air mix compared to air result in fewer detectable venous bubbles after diving and better cognition during the dive?
Search Terms: Venous gas embolism; doppler; decompression

The Study:Double-blinded concealed randomised controlled trial with intention-to-treat.
The Study Patients: Adult volunteer divers
Control group (N = 54; 54 analysed): Air breathing during a standard dive to 24 msw for 62 minutes
Experimental group (N = 54; 54 analysed): Enriched air breathing of 28% oxygen (nitrox28) for the same dive.

The Evidence:

Outcome

Time to Outcome

Air group

Nitrox group

Relative risk reduction

Absolute risk reduction

NNT

Bubble free after dive

60 mins

0.11

0.07

36%

0.04

25

95% CIs:

-97% to 211%

-0.07 to 0.15

NNT = 15 to INF NNH = 7 to INF

Number of errors in number connection test

  

0.28

0.17

40%

0.11

9

95% CIs:

-16% to 96%

-0.04 to 0.27

NNT = 4 to INF NNH = 22 to INF

 

Measure

Air Group

HBOT Group

Difference

95% CI

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Pooled bubble numbers per minute

30

32

16

16

14

-230.1 to 258.1

Number connection test (secs)

87

30.3

85.5

26.7

1.50

-309.6 to 312.6

 

Non-Event Outcomes

Time to outcome

Air group

Nitrox group

P-value

Correct items remembered (short-term)

30 seconds

7.5 (4 to 12)

8.0 (4 to 13)

0.26


Comments:

1. All dives conducted as pairs and 38 were female.

2. Trial powered for one-sided statistical testing for a 25% reduction in subclavian bubbles with nitrox. The figure for that comparison is not given.

3. The authors exhaustively analyzed the data for differences between vein sites and time with few important differences noted.

4. There were more bubbles detected in males than females.

5. The authors report in the abstract, but not in results that "more bubbles were
counted in the air-group than in the air28-group (pooled vein: early: 1845 vs. 948; P = 0.047. One may get the feeling the authors are stretching for meaning here.

5. Cognitive testing done at depth. Air group made more mistakes connecting the numbers

Appraised by: Michael Bennett m.bennett@unsw.edu.au ; Monday, 13 April 2020 + 28 August 2020

Kill or Update By:April 2022

 

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